Over the years the Medici Family, patrons of art and science, formed a superb collection of scientific instruments. Some elegant, refined pieces from this collection are displayed in this room. For nearly two centuries the instruments were kept in the Uffizi Gallery, alongside masterpieces of ancient and modern art. Begun by the founder of the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Cosimo I de' Medici, the collection was further enriched by his sons and successors: Francesco I, interested mainly in natural-history collections and alchemy, and Ferdinando I, who bought numerous mathematical, nautical and cosmographical instruments. Cosimo II had the honour of adding Galileo's revolutionary instruments to the collection. Later, superbly original glass thermometers blown in the Palazzo Pitti glassworks were fabricated for the Accademia del Cimento, founded by Grand Duke Ferdinando II and Prince Leopoldo de' Medici. Memorable among the later Medici rulers is Cosimo III, patron of the mathematician Vincenzo Viviani, Galileo's last disciple.
Autor: Museo Galileo
Publicado: June 13, 2011, 12:05 pm
This room contains a rich array of instruments designed to measure time: sundials, nocturnals and astrolabes that showed the hour by day or by night.
Without clarifying what time is, astronomy has always striven to define its units on the basis of celestial phenomena, and to develop precise timekeeping instruments.
Displayed here, along with commonly used scientific objects, are highly refined instruments fabricated in the artisans' shops that began to flourish in the 16th century. In the Germanic states, for instance, the members of the Schissler family were renowned, and many of their products entered the Medicean collections. Among the Italian instrument-makers, Giovanni Battista Giusti, Stefano Buonsignori and the Della Volpaia family were outstanding. Especially important in this room are the instruments from the legacy of Viviani, Galileo's last disciple. This collection includes objects of many kinds, revealing Viviani's specific interests in the field of the astronomy.
Autor: Museo Galileo
Publicado: June 13, 2011, 12:13 pm
A singular form of assimilation and updating of Ptolemy's Geography, one of the founding texts of modern geographical studies, was the ambitious project for the Guardaroba Nuova in Palazzo Vecchio, conceived by Cosimo de' Medici as a grandiose theatrum mundi. This project was then emulated by Ferdinando I in the Uffizi Gallery, with a Cosmographic Room containing representations of the Medicean domains and a great Ptolemaic model of the universe designed by the cosmographer Antonio Santucci. It is the great armillary sphere that dominates this room, surrounded by terretrial and celestial globes of the finest workmanship.
In the adjacent room are four globes by the Venetian cosmographer Vincenzo Maria Coronelli. Famous for the great size of his creations, he built enormous globes, nearly four meters in diameter, for Louis XIV, King of France,.
As Coronelli explained in his Epitome cosmografica published in 1693, these globes are formed of many hand-written or printed sheets of paper, called gores, glued onto a large ball made of wood and papier-mâché coated with plaster.
Autor: Museo Galileo
Publicado: June 13, 2011, 12:27 pm
Having consolidated their power over Tuscany, the Medici turned their gaze toward the sea, hoping to win a place in oceanic navigation and develop trade with the East and West Indies. These ambitions favoured the development of maritime science in Tuscany, making Leghorn a major centre in the Mediterranean, equipped with arsenals, naval shipyards, nautical schools and workshops for the production of nautical instruments and geographical charts, destined mainly for the captains of the Medicean fleet, the Knights of St. Stephen. The entry of the English Admiral, Sir Robert Dudley, into the service of Ferdinando I marked the consolidation of nautical science at the Medicean court. His important collection of nautical instruments, displayed in this room, along with his imposing treatise on the art of navigation, Dell'arcano del mare (The Secrets of the Sea), published in Florence in 1646-1647, became part of the Medicean collection.
Autor: Museo Galileo
Publicado: June 13, 2011, 2:05 pm
In this room, numerous instruments linked to the science of warfare and military architecture are displayed. In the Renaissance, the spread of firearms had transformed battlefields into the theatre of geometric studies. Powerful mortars had compelled modifying the geometry of fortresses. Moreover, suitable knowledge of the ratio between the weight and range of cannonballs was now required, calling for the greatest precision in measurement and computation. Men of arms were thus obliged to acquire the basic mathematical principles needed for the perfect management of military operations. The display cases at the centre of the room contain instruments designed by the military engineer Baldassare Lanci, at the service of Cosimo I de' Medici from 1557. In the last display cases are the instruments bought in Germany by Prince Mattias while fighting in the Thirty Years' War as commander of the Medicean army.
Autor: Museo Galileo
Publicado: June 13, 2011, 2:14 pm
The room dedicated to the great scientist is the heart of the Museo Galileo. Here are displayed the only two surviving telescopes, among the many built by Galileo; the objective lens of the telescope through which, in January 1610, he observed the satellites of Jupiter for the first time; the military and geometric compasses he developed during his years in Padua; other instruments of his invention and educational models illustrating the crucially important results attained by Galileo in his studies on mechanics. At the centre of the room is the marble bust commissioned of the sculptor Carlo Marcellini by Cosimo III de' Medici. Some relics of Galileo, the secular saint of science, are also exhibited here: his thumb, the index finger and middle finger from his right hand, and a tooth, removed from Galileo's corpse when it was translated to the monumental tomb in Santa Croce.
Autor: Museo Galileo
Publicado: June 14, 2011, 7:43 am
This room contains many instruments utilized in research conducted by the members of the Accademia del Cimento. Founded in 1657 by Grand Duke Ferdinando II and Prince Leopoldo de' Medici, it was the first European society exclusively devoted to science, preceding the foundation of the Royal Society in London (1660) and the Académie Royale des Sciences in Paris (1666). Following in the footsteps of Galileo, the Cimento conducted experiments to verify some principles of natural philosophy hitherto universally accepted on the basis of Aristotle's authority. The Academy concluded its work in 1667 by publishing the Essays on natural experiments, summarizing its activity. Significant results were attained in observations of Saturn, and above all in the fields of barometry and thermometry (here we see the superb thermometers and glass instruments used by the Academy). Numerous experiments were designed to verify the possibility of creating a vacuum in nature, and observing its effects on animals and objects.
Autor: Museo Galileo
Publicado: June 14, 2011, 7:53 am
Displayed in this room are various instruments used in some of the scientific disciplines that began to develop in the second half of the 17th century. At this time meteorology was progressing rapidly, thanks to perfected instrumentation for measuring variations in thermometric, barometric and hygrometric values. The systematic use of increasingly improved microscopes led to striking achievements in the fields of biology and entomology. Francesco Redi, a pioneer in these fields of research, brilliantly combined refined strategies of experimentation with scrupulous microscopic observations. Telescopes of ever greater size and more complex optical systems were also being produced by expert instrument makers. With such progress in telescopic instrumentation, astronomical observations led to crucially important discoveries.
Autor: Museo Galileo
Publicado: June 14, 2011, 8:19 am
When Gian Gastone de' Medici died in 1737, the Habsburg-Lorraine family became the sovereigns of Tuscany. At the initiative of Grand Duke Peter Leopold (1747-1792), the scientific collections were rearranged. Starting in 1769, they were moved from the Uffizi Gallery to the Imperial and Royal Museum of Physics and Natural History near Palazzo Pitti, inaugurated in 1775 under the direction of Felice Fontana (1730-1805). To the original Medicean core collection were added, over the years, apparatus built in the Museum's workshops, such as dividing machines, various instruments used in physics, wax anatomical models, workbenches and cabinets, as well as precision instruments imported from abroad. Some of these objects can be seen here, in the original display cases of the Physics Museum. The Museum also had an astronomical observatory, directed at one time by the renowned astronomer and optician Giovanni Battista Amici (1786-1863). In 1841, under the direction of Vincenzo Antinori, the most ancient part of the collection was placed in the Galileo Tribune. The collection continued to grow until 1859, when the last Grand Duke of the Lorraine dynasty, Leopold II, left Tuscany, never to return.
Autor: Museo Galileo
Publicado: June 14, 2011, 8:32 am
Spectacular effects were typical of many aspects of 18th-century science. The high society of the time, avid for innovation and entertainment, was fascinated by the phenomena of experimental physics. In salons and courts - such as the one we see replicated at the back of the room - the laws of nature were illustrated by travelling lecturers who taught science through spectacular demonstrations. Using air pumps, planetariums, solar microscopes and machines for studying impact, they offered courses in physics that avoided the abstruse language of mathematics. Their lectures, often staged like theatrical performances, were real social events. Over the course of the century, the newly invented electrostatic "rubbing" machines were used in amusing "electric soirées," where the demonstrators staged spectacular performances based on attraction, repulsion, shocks and sparks experienced by the ladies and gentlemen on their own bodies.
Autor: Museo Galileo
Publicado: June 14, 2011, 8:42 am
These rooms contain instruments and machines designed to illustrate the basic principles of mechanics, hydraulics, electrostatics and optics to a vast public. In the 18th century, the cultural vogue that stimulated curiosity for spectacular experimental demonstrations also led to a demand for new educational instruments. The models for studying mechanics displayed in the first room faithfully reflect those described in the treatises of the most famous eighteenth-century scientists and demonstrators. They remained in use, with few modifications, up to the first decades of the 20th century. In the second room are displayed educational instrumentation for optics, hydraulics and pneumatics, electromagnetism and electrodynamics. The industrial production of educational instruments, with centres of excellence in London and Paris, remained limited in Italy, so that numerous collections were formed mainly of instruments purchased abroad.
Autor: Museo Galileo
Publicado: June 14, 2011, 8:49 am
In the 18th and 19th centuries the production of precision instruments for astronomy, geodetics, surveying and navigation was concentrated mainly in Britain, France and Germany. The British instrument maker Jesse Ramsden (1735-1800) invented the first machine for precisely dividing graduated scales. In Bavaria, Joseph von Fraunhofer (1787-1826) produced the finest optical-quality glass ever made. In Italy, only Giovanni Battista Amici (1786-1863) was able to design original optical instruments, many of them displayed in this room. They include excellent microscopes and exceptionally long telescopes. These innovations went to improve the instrumentation of the astronomical observatories founded in Italy starting from the first decades of the 18th century. The Florence Observatory (1780-1789), annexed to the Museum of Physics and Natural History, aspired to compete with the great astronomical centres of Greenwich and Paris. It was equipped mainly with instruments of British make.
Autor: Museo Galileo
Publicado: June 14, 2011, 8:51 am
The triumph of the experimental method in the 17th century and the development of new instruments led to rapid progress in the study of natural processes, demonstrating the laws that governed them and revealing phenomena imperceptible to the senses. The first room contains instruments used for atmospheric measurements, for studying the phenomena of light, and for microscopy. Barometers and thermometers allowed increasingly precise measurements, while microscopes vastly enhanced the powers of vision, revealing amazing aspects of the microcosm. In the 18th century new instruments were invented, not only to observe nature, but also to act on it, creating new phenomena. Electrostatic machines attracted enormous interest, opening new horizons to scientific research. Then in 1800 the invention of the electric battery heralded the age of electrodynamics and electrochemistry. In the next room are displayed numerous instruments used to study electric current and its effects. Within a few decades, this study led to crucial discoveries, giving birth to electromagnetism, whose practical applications were to trigger a new industrial revolution.
Autor: Museo Galileo
Publicado: June 14, 2011, 9:01 am
Starting in the second half of the 15th century, the Medici Court attracted many alchemists to Florence, providing them with avant-garde factories and laboratories. Of the immense Medicean collection of alchemists' instrumentation, very little has survived: only a few glass vessels used by the Accademia del Cimento (1657-1667), and the great burning lens donated by Benedetto Bregans in 1697 to Cosimo III (1642-1723) to experiment with the combustion of gemstones, displayed here on the stand at the centre of the room. On the wall behind it hangs the "table of chemical affinities", emblematic testimony to the Lorraine dynasty's interest in pharmaceutical chemistry. The numerous instruments used in theoretical and experimental chemistry also come from the Lorraine collection. Atmospheric chemistry especially, with the discovery of hydrogen and a method for determining the amounts of oxygen and other gases present in the atmosphere, favoured the development of new measuring instruments, such as Alessandro Volta's (1745-1827) electric pistol and hydrogen lamp, Felice Fontana's (1730-1805) evaerometro, and Marsilio Landriani's (1751-1815) eudiometer.
Autor: Museo Galileo
Publicado: June 14, 2011, 9:11 am
In this room we can see how, starting in the 18th century, scientific instruments entered the homes of the upper classes. The vogue for experimental science created a new market for instrument makers who, along with one-of-a-kind pieces produced for collectors, introduced a series of standard instruments furnished with kits of accessories. In the large display case, containing an antique vetrine from Lorraine times, are compound microscopes, reflecting telescopes and electrostatic machines, which were used in the domestic sphere for cultural entertainment and self-learning. Some instruments - splendid table clocks, elegant globes, finely decorated barometers and thermometers - became furnishing items, displayed as symbols of cultural and social status. Extravagant objects such as telescopes for ladies equipped with ivory cosmetic boxes, and telescopes for gentlemen disguised as walking sticks, could also be found in upper-class homes.
Autor: Museo Galileo
Publicado: June 14, 2011, 12:43 pm