{"id":13717,"date":"2018-02-17T23:33:30","date_gmt":"2018-02-17T23:33:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.acasinhadamatematica.pt\/?p=13717"},"modified":"2018-02-18T01:06:39","modified_gmt":"2018-02-18T01:06:39","slug":"john-von-neumann-prophete-du-21eme-siecle","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.acasinhadamatematica.pt\/?p=13717","title":{"rendered":"John von Neumann, proph\u00e8te du 21\u00e8me si\u00e8cle"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.acasinhadamatematica.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/JohnVonNeumann.jpg\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"13718\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/www.acasinhadamatematica.pt\/?attachment_id=13718\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/www.acasinhadamatematica.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/JohnVonNeumann.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"600,800\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"John Von Neumann\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/www.acasinhadamatematica.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/JohnVonNeumann.jpg\" class=\"alignright size-medium wp-image-13718\" src=\"https:\/\/www.acasinhadamatematica.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/JohnVonNeumann-225x300.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"225\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.acasinhadamatematica.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/JohnVonNeumann-225x300.jpg 225w, https:\/\/www.acasinhadamatematica.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/JohnVonNeumann.jpg 600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 225px) 100vw, 225px\" \/><\/a>Peu connu du grand public, le math\u00e9maticien am\u00e9ricano-hongrois <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_von_Neumann\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">John von Neumann<\/a> (1903-1957) a pourtant \u00e9labor\u00e9 des th\u00e9ories qui ont d\u00e9finitivement chang\u00e9 le cours de l&#8217;humanit\u00e9. Apr\u00e8s avoir crois\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J._Robert_Oppenheimer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Robert Oppenheimer<\/a> et <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Werner_Heisenberg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Werner Heisenberg<\/a> au cours de ses ann\u00e9es d&#8217;\u00e9tudes \u00e0 l&#8217;universit\u00e9 allemande de G\u00f6ttingen, il s&#8217;installe aux \u00c9tats-Unis au d\u00e9but des ann\u00e9es 1930. Il va contribuer aux d\u00e9couvertes les plus fondamentales du si\u00e8cle dernier (th\u00e9orie des jeux, intelligence artificielle, physique statistique, entre autres) et initier outre-Atlantique la r\u00e9volution informatique. Sous une bonhomie apparente, l&#8217;homme, dont le cerveau \u00e9tait aussi rapide que celui d&#8217;une machine, cachait en r\u00e9alit\u00e9 une vision cynique et pessimiste de l&#8217;humanit\u00e9. En 1943, c&#8217;est lui qui calcula la trajectoire de la bombe atomique qui allait d\u00e9truire Nagasaki. En 1945, en se fondant sur sa th\u00e9orie des jeux appliqu\u00e9e \u00e0 l&#8217;analyse des conflits, il conseille au pr\u00e9sident des \u00c9tats-Unis une frappe atomique pr\u00e9ventive sur l&#8217;Union sovi\u00e9tique. Pionnier de l&#8217;informatique, il con\u00e7oit <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MANIAC_I\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Maniac I<\/a>, un calculateur utile aux tests de la bombe H et anc\u00eatre des premiers ordinateurs.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Docteur Folamour<\/strong><br \/>\n Gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 d&#8217;exceptionnelles images d&#8217;archives, le film retrace le destin de ce savant qui inspira le personnage du film de <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stanley_Kubrick\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stanley Kubrick<\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dr._Strangelove\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Docteur Folamour<\/a>. Il l&#8217;\u00e9claire avec de nombreux t\u00e9moignages d&#8217;\u00e9minents scientifiques (<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Roger_Penrose\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Roger Penrose<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Marvin_Minsky\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Marvin Minsky<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ray_Kurzweil\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ray Kurzweil<\/a>\u2026) qui concluent \u00e0 l&#8217;inestimable apport de John von Neumann. Si, un jour, une conscience artificielle supplante l&#8217;intelligence humaine, ce sera en grande partie de son fait.<\/p>\n<p>Fonte:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/arte-magazine.arte.tv\/programme\/20760\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">arteMAG<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><div class=\"video-container\"><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/JKG2yhTrndw?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=pt-PT&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/John_von_Neumann\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">John von Neumann<\/a>, math\u00e9maticien hongrois, devenu am\u00e9ricain apr\u00e8s-guerre, a fa\u00e7onn\u00e9 le 20e si\u00e8cle et continue de fa\u00e7onner ce d\u00e9but du 21e, sans que nous le sachions.<\/p>\n<p>Inconnu du grand public, il a pourtant laiss\u00e9 sa trace partout: dans les sciences, mais aussi au cin\u00e9ma, o\u00f9 il a servi de mod\u00e8le pour deux personnages mythiques de <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Stanley_Kubrick\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stanley Kubrick<\/a>: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Dr._Strangelove\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Docteur Folamour<\/a> et <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/HAL_9000\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HAL<\/a>, l&#8217;ordinateur de &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2001, l&#8217;odyss\u00e9e de l&#8217;espace<\/a>&#8220;.<\/p>\n<p>L&#8217;homme poss\u00e9dait une telle puissance de calcul qu&#8217;il donnait des complexes \u00e0 ses pairs, dont <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Albert_Einstein\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Einstein<\/a>. Il \u00e9tait \u00e0 l&#8217;origine des th\u00e9ories les plus fondamentales et abstraites du si\u00e8cle dernier, comme de leurs cons\u00e9quences les plus radicales. Fondement des math\u00e9matiques, physique de l&#8217;infiniment petit, \u00e9laboration th\u00e9orique de la m\u00e9canique quantique, \u00e9conomie et th\u00e9orie des jeux, th\u00e9orie de l&#8217;information et de l&#8217;intelligence artificielle, physique statistiques et automates cellulaires, fondements des neurosciences, il aura \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 l&#8217;avant-garde des concepts forg\u00e9s au si\u00e8cle dernier qui transforment notre 21e si\u00e8cle.<\/p>\n<p>Il a appris le grec ancien \u00e0 6 ans, dans sa ville natale de Budapest. Dans la trentaine, il a d\u00e9couvert l&#8217;Am\u00e9rique, le pouvoir, le capitalisme, les femmes et l&#8217;alcool. Au centre des \u00e9tudes avanc\u00e9es de Princeton, il \u00e9tait connu pour ses blagues salaces et son habitude de mettre de la musique militaire allemande \u00e0 plein volume afin d&#8217;agacer Einstein. D&#8217;une l\u00e9g\u00e8ret\u00e9 insoutenable, capable de donner une f\u00eate de 300 personnes et de rester calfeutr\u00e9 dans son bureau, Von Neumann semblait avancer masqu\u00e9. Il mourra des suites de ses travaux sur la bombe, c&#8217;est-\u00e0-dire les cons\u00e9quences des radiations des tests nucl\u00e9aires auxquels il assista. <br \/>\n Bien plus que le portrait d&#8217;un homme, le film est le portrait d&#8217;une \u00e9poque charni\u00e8re dans l&#8217;histoire de l&#8217;humanit\u00e9. A travers le regard d&#8217;un de ses membres le plus brillants et \u00e9nigmatiques, nous verrons comment un groupe de penseurs europ\u00e9ens a puis\u00e9 ses id\u00e9es dans la vieille Europe de l&#8217;entre-deux-guerres, et comment celles-ci ont travers\u00e9 l&#8217;Atlantique dans les ann\u00e9es 30, avant de transformer le monde.<\/p>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: square;\">\n<li>Fonte:\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/boutique.arte.tv\/detail\/john_von_neumann_phrophete_21eme_siecle\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">arteBOUTIQUE<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">Legendado em franc\u00eas.<\/p>\n<p><div class=\"video-container\"><span class=\"embed-youtube\" style=\"text-align:center; display: block;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"youtube-player\" width=\"640\" height=\"360\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/c9pL_3tTW2c?version=3&#038;rel=1&#038;showsearch=0&#038;showinfo=1&#038;iv_load_policy=1&#038;fs=1&#038;hl=pt-PT&#038;autohide=2&#038;wmode=transparent\" allowfullscreen=\"true\" style=\"border:0;\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts allow-same-origin allow-popups allow-presentation allow-popups-to-escape-sandbox\"><\/iframe><\/span><\/div>\n<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Peu connu du grand public, le math\u00e9maticien am\u00e9ricano-hongrois John von Neumann (1903-1957) a pourtant \u00e9labor\u00e9 des th\u00e9ories qui ont d\u00e9finitivement chang\u00e9 le cours de l&#8217;humanit\u00e9. Apr\u00e8s avoir crois\u00e9 Robert Oppenheimer et Werner Heisenberg au&#46;&#46;&#46;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13719,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4,3,7],"tags":[13,481,200],"series":[],"class_list":["post-13717","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ciencia-e-tecnologia","category-matematica","category-video","tag-documentario","tag-john-von-neumann","tag-video-2"],"views":2849,"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/www.acasinhadamatematica.pt\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/JohnVonNeumann_filme.jpg","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_likes_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.acasinhadamatematica.pt\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13717","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.acasinhadamatematica.pt\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.acasinhadamatematica.pt\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.acasinhadamatematica.pt\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.acasinhadamatematica.pt\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=13717"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.acasinhadamatematica.pt\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13717\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.acasinhadamatematica.pt\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/13719"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.acasinhadamatematica.pt\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=13717"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.acasinhadamatematica.pt\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=13717"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.acasinhadamatematica.pt\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=13717"},{"taxonomy":"series","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.acasinhadamatematica.pt\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fseries&post=13717"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}